Gift, Estate, & Income Tax Compliance
June 1, 2006
8 Things You Need to Know About Section 409A
- To whom does Section 409A apply?
Section 409A applies to all companies offering nonqualified deferred compensation plans to employees. We are not attorneys, so we will leave the legal minutiae of that definition for others to grapple with, noting only that generally speaking, a deferred compensation plan is an arrangement whereby an employee ("service provider" in 409A parlance) receives compensation in a later tax year than that in which the compensation was earned. "Nonqualified" plans exclude 401(k) and other "qualified" plans.
What is interesting from a valuation perspective is that stock options and stock appreciation rights (SARs), two common forms of incentive compensation for private companies, are potentially within the scope of Section 409A. The IRS is concerned that stock options and SARs issued "in the money" are really just a form of deferred compensation, representing a shifting of current compensation to a future taxable year.
So in order to avoid being subject to 409A, employers ("service recipients") need to demonstrate that all stock options and SARs are issued "at the money" (i.e., with the strike price equal to the fair market value of the underlying shares at the grant date). Stock options and SARs issued "out of the money" do not raise any particular problems with regard to Section 409A.
- What are the consequences of Section 409A?
Stock options and SARs that fall under Section 409A create problems for both service recipients and service providers. Service recipients are responsible for normal withholding and reporting obligations with respect to amounts includible in the service provider's gross income under Section 409A. Amounts includible in the service provider's gross income are also subject to interest on prior underpayments and an additional income tax equal to 20% of the compensation required to be included in gross income. For the holder of a stock option, this can be particularly onerous as, absent exercise of the option and sale of the underlying stock, there has been no cash received with which to pay the taxes and interest.
These consequences make it critical that stock options and SARs qualify for the exemption under 409A available when the fair market value of the underlying stock does not exceed the strike price of the stock option or SAR at the grant date.
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