Corporate Valuation, Oil & Gas

December 27, 2016

Renewable Fuel Standards and Refiners

The Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) program, which originated from the Energy Policy act of 2005, set a goal to use 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. RFS was signed into law by President George W. Bush in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and boost rural farm economies.  Each November, the EPA issues rules increasing Renewable Fuel Volume Targets for the next year.  The following table shows the Renewable Fuel Volume requirements for the past three years and the targets for 2017.

renewable-fuel-volume-requirements Separate quotas and blending requirements are determined for cellulosic biofuels, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuels, and total renewable fuel.  The individual obligations for producers are called Renewable Volume Obligations (RVO). Refiners and importers of gasoline and diesel fuel must meet Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) by blending ethanol and biodiesel into gasoline and diesel fuel.  An RVO is determined by multiplying the output of the producer by the EPA's announced blending ratios for each of the four standards described above. RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) are 38-digit numbers used to implement the Renewable Fuel Standards.  RBN Energy describes RINs as the “Currency of the […] RFS program”.  The EPA explains that when a producer makes one gallon of renewable fuel, RINs are generated.  At the end of the year, producers and importers use RINs to demonstrate their compliance with the RFS.  Refiners and producers without blending capabilities can either purchase renewable fuels with RINs attached or they can purchase RINs through the EPA's Moderated Transaction System.  RINs can be carried over from one compliance year to another, if unused. On the other hand, a RIN deficit can be carried over into the next year but must be made up for during the following year. While integrated refiners blend their petroleum products with renewable fuels, merchant refiners do not have the capability to blend their own petroleum products. Tesoro Corp., an integrated refiner, is not affected by RIN costs.  Steven Sterin, EVP & CFO explained in their third quarter earnings call, “in a quarter where RIN costs rise, we reflect the higher obligation in refining and the benefit from blending in our marketing segment. It's important to know that we run our business in the integrated manner. This does not have a material impact on total Company results.”  But he did acknowledge that gasoline blending is where the true benefit of integration is realized.  Even Tesoro faces challenges acquiring cellulosic and biodiesel RINs. Merchant refiners are required to obtain RINs for RFS compliance purposes.  A common theme across refiners’ earnings calls last quarter was the effect of the rising cost of RINs on already squeezed margins.  Holly Frontier, a merchant refiner, spent $63 million on RINs, in the third quarter alone.  Holly Frontier’s President and CEO, George Damiris, said in their third quarter earnings call that they have considered expanding into fuel marketing because of the current RINs environment. The increase in RIN costs is at the simplest, an issue of supply and demand.  Production targets that are greater than equilibrium supply and demand cause price increases to correct the shortage of goods.   As Renewable Fuel Volume targets have increased year over year, the price of RINs continue increasing. Reuters quoted that on average Renewable fuel credits saw a 25% increase in price from 2Q 2015 to 2Q 2016.

What’s Next?

President-elect Trump voiced a pro-ethanol platform when visiting America’s farm states implying that he would keep increasing RFS targets.  However, he is also known to be pro-oil and many oil groups have called for changes or the repeal of the RFS program which is known to hurt independent refiners.

President-elect Trump has nominated Exxon CEO, Rex Tillerson, as Secretary of State and former Texas Governor, Rick Perry, for Secretary of Energy.  Additionally, many more cabinet positions are stacked with oil and gas supporters such as Montana Republican Ryan Zinke, who was nominated to the Department of the Interior, and Oklahoma Attorney General and EPA critic Scott Pruit, who was nominated to head the EPA.

Trump’s nominations suggest that the upcoming presidential term will provide a friendly oil and gas environment.   While it is unclear what the President-elect’s plan is for the RFS program, it is likely that he will face challenges balancing farm and oil interests.

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EP Second Quarter 2026 Permian Basin
E&P Second Quarter 2026

Region Focus: Permian Basin

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Just Released: Q2 2026 Oil & Gas Industry Newsletter
Just Released: Q2 2026 Oil & Gas Industry Newsletter
Regional Focus: The Permian BasinThe Permian continued to demonstrate its resilience in the twelve-month period through June 30, 2026 (the review period). Despite a modest decline in rig counts, production reached new highs as operators continued to emphasize capital discipline, drilling efficiencies, and productivity improvements. Heightened geopolitical tensions introduced considerably greater volatility into commodity markets during the latter portion of the review period, yet oil prices ended above year-earlier levels and Permian public companies posted strong stock price appreciation. While basin operators continue to balance disciplined capital allocation with long-term production growth, the Permian remains the nation’s premier oil-producing basin and continues to demonstrate its ability to adapt to changing market conditions.
Bryce Erickson Discusses the Changing Economics of Upstream Asset Valuations with Hart Energy
Bryce Erickson Discusses the Changing Economics of Upstream Asset Valuations with Hart Energy
Mercer Capital’s Energy Industry Team Leader, Bryce Erickson, ASA, MRICS, recently shared his perspective on upstream asset valuations in two features published by Hart Energy.Bryce joined other industry professionals at Hart Energy’s 2026 Energy Capital Conference, where he participated in the panel, “Asset Valuations in a High-Price World: Separating Signal from Noise.” The discussion examined how investors, lenders, and operators are assessing energy assets amid elevated commodity prices, increasingly scarce drilling inventory, and continued consolidation across the upstream sector.Markets Turn Their Attention to Tier 2 and Tier 3 AcreageIn a video interview with Hart Energy’s Chris Mathews, Bryce discusses how the scarcity of available Tier 1 acreage is directing greater attention toward Tier 2 and Tier 3 opportunities.As the inventory of premium drilling locations becomes increasingly concentrated, buyers are looking more closely at assets that may previously have received less attention. Higher commodity prices and continued improvements in drilling and completion techniques can make some of these locations more economically attractive. However, broad acreage classifications tell only part of the story. Investors must still examine the specific geology, operating costs, development plans, decline expectations, and risks associated with each asset. Bryce’s comments underscore the importance of disciplined, asset-specific underwriting as competition expands beyond traditionally defined core acreage.How the “Last Cheap Barrels” May Influence BidsHart Energy’s Lisa El-Amin further explores the relationship between inventory scarcity and upstream deal values in “How the Last Cheap Barrels May Be Shaping Today’s Bids” (subscription required).The article considers how competition is shifting toward a diminishing pool of drilling locations capable of generating attractive returns at approximately $50 oil, with much of that inventory concentrated in the Permian Basin. As low-breakeven locations become harder to acquire or replace, buyers may be willing to place greater value on assets offering durable inventory, favorable cost structures, and a long development runway. The result is an M&A market in which bids are increasingly influenced by the quality and scarcity of future drilling opportunities—not simply current production or near-term commodity prices.Valuation ImplicationsTogether, the two Hart Energy features highlight that asset quality and inventory durability are becoming more visible, and potentially more valuable, as the shale sector matures.Determining how these factors affect a particular company or asset requires careful analysis of its reserves, development inventory, cost structure, operating assumptions, and expected cash flows. Mercer Capital has assisted clients with a wide range of valuation needs in the upstream oil and gas industry across both conventional and unconventional plays in North America and around the world. Contact a Mercer Capital professional to discuss your valuation needs in confidence.

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